# Incorporating structural equation models

Sometimes, we may want to estimate relationships between latent variables and we are interested in the effect of different measurement models on the relationship of interest. Because specifically customized model-functions can be passed to specr() many different model types (including structural equation models, multilevel models…) can be estimated. This vignette exemplifies how to integrate latent measurement models and estimate structural equations models (SEM).

# Preparations

## Preparing the data set

# Load packages
library(tidyverse)
library(specr)
library(lavaan)

For this example, we will us the HolzingerSwineford1939 data set that is included in the lavaan package. We quickly dummy-code the sex variable as we want to include it as a covariate.

# Load data and recode
d <- HolzingerSwineford1939 %>%
mutate(sex = as.character(sex),
school = as.character(school)) %>%
as_tibble

# Check data
#> # A tibble: 6 × 15
#>      id sex   ageyr agemo school grade    x1    x2    x3    x4    x5    x6    x7
#>   <int> <chr> <int> <int> <chr>  <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1     1 1        13     1 Paste…     7  3.33  7.75 0.375  2.33  5.75 1.29   3.39
#> 2     2 2        13     7 Paste…     7  5.33  5.25 2.12   1.67  3    1.29   3.78
#> 3     3 2        13     1 Paste…     7  4.5   5.25 1.88   1     1.75 0.429  3.26
#> 4     4 1        13     2 Paste…     7  5.33  7.75 3      2.67  4.5  2.43   3
#> 5     5 2        12     2 Paste…     7  4.83  4.75 0.875  2.67  4    2.57   3.70
#> 6     6 2        14     1 Paste…     7  5.33  5    2.25   1     3    0.857  4.35
#> # … with 2 more variables: x8 <dbl>, x9 <dbl>

Let’s quickly run a simple structural equation model with lavaan. Note that there are separate regression formulas for the measurement models and the actual regression models in the string that represents the model. The regression formulas follows a similar pattern as formulas in linear models (e.g., using lm() or glm()) or multilevel models (e.g., using lme4::lmer()). This regression formula will automatically be built by the function setup(). The formulas denoting the measurement model (in this case only one), however, we need to actively paste into the formula string.

## Understanding lavaan syntax and output

# Model syntax
model <- "
# measures
visual  =~ x1 + x2 + x3

# regressions
"

fit <- sem(model, d)
broom::tidy(fit)
#> # A tibble: 12 × 9
#>    term      op    estimate std.error statistic   p.value std.lv std.all std.nox
#>    <chr>     <chr>    <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>  <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>
#>  1 visual =… =~       1        0          NA    NA         0.782   0.670   0.670
#>  2 visual =… =~       0.732    0.130       5.62  1.96e- 8  0.572   0.486   0.486
#>  3 visual =… =~       0.947    0.163       5.82  5.77e- 9  0.740   0.656   0.656
#>  4 visual ~… ~       -0.147    0.0614     -2.39  1.68e- 2 -0.188  -0.197  -0.188
#>  5 visual ~… ~        0.539    0.135       4.00  6.36e- 5  0.690   0.345   0.690
#>  6 x1 ~~ x1  ~~       0.751    0.116       6.46  1.06e-10  0.751   0.551   0.551
#>  7 x2 ~~ x2  ~~       1.06     0.104      10.2   0         1.06    0.764   0.764
#>  8 x3 ~~ x3  ~~       0.727    0.107       6.80  1.02e-11  0.727   0.570   0.570
#>  9 visual ~… ~~       0.557    0.125       4.44  8.96e- 6  0.912   0.912   0.912
#> 10 ageyr ~~… ~~       1.10     0          NA    NA         1.10    1       1.10
#> 11 ageyr ~~… ~~       0.268    0          NA    NA         0.268   0.511   0.268
#> 12 grade ~~… ~~       0.249    0          NA    NA         0.249   1       0.249

Whenever we want to include more complex models in “specr”, it makes sense to check what output the broom::tidy() function produces. Here, we can see that the variable term does not only include the predictor (as it usually does with models such as “lm” or “glm”), but it includes the entire paths within the model. If we do not specify different types of model, this will not be a problem, but we we do (e.g., “sem” and “lm”), we need to adjust the paremeter extract function.

# Specification curve analysis with latent variables

## Defining the customized sem model function

In a first step, we thus need to create a specific function that defines the latent measurement models for the latent measures specified as x and y in setup() and incoporate them into a formula that follows the lavaan-syntax. The function needs to have two arguments: a) formula and b) data. The exact function now depends on the purpose and goals of the particular question.

In this case, we want to include three different latent measurement models for dependent variables. First, we have to define a a named list with these measurement models. This is important as the function makes use of the “names”.

In a second step, we need to exclude the “+ 1” placeholder the specr automatically adds to each formula if no covariates are included (in contrast to lm() or lme4::lmer(), lavaan::sem() does not support such a placeholder). Third, we need to make sure that only those measurement models are integrated which are actually used in the regression formula (it does not matter whether these are independent or control variables). Fourth, we need to paste the remaining measurement models into the formula. Finally, we run the structural equation model (here, additional arguments such as estimator could be used).

sem_custom <- function(formula, data) {

require(lavaan)

# 1) Define latent variables as a named list
latent <- list(visual =  "visual  =~ x1 + x2 + x3",
textual = "textual =~ x4 + x5 + x6",
speed =   "speed   =~ x7 + x8 + x9")

# 2) Remove placeholder for no covariates (lavaan does not like "+ 1")
formula <- str_remove_all(formula, "\\+ 1")

# 3) Check which of the additional measurement models are actually used in the formula
valid <- purrr::keep(names(latent),
~ stringr::str_detect(formula, .x))

# 4) Include measurement models in the formula using lavaan syntax
formula <- paste(formula, "\n",
paste(latent[valid],
collapse = " \n "))

# 5) Run SEM with sem function
sem(formula, data)
}

# In short:
sem_custom <- function(formula, data) {
require(lavaan)
latent <- list(visual =  "visual  =~ x1 + x2 + x3",
textual = "textual =~ x4 + x5 + x6",
speed =   "speed   =~ x7 + x8 + x9")
formula <- stringr::str_remove_all(formula, "\\+ 1")
valid <- purrr::keep(names(latent), ~ stringr::str_detect(formula, .x))
formula <- paste(formula, "\n", paste(latent[valid], collapse = " \n "))
sem(formula, data)
}

## Run the specification curve analysis with additional parameters

Now we use setup() like we are used to. We only include the new function as model parameter and use the latent variables (see named list in the custom function) as depended variables. Warning messages may appear if models do not converge or have other issues.

# Setup specs
specs <- setup(data = d,
y = c("textual", "visual", "speed"),
x = c("ageyr"),
model = c("sem_custom"),
subsets = list(sex = unique(d$sex), school = unique(d$school)))

# Summarize specifications
summary(specs, row = 10)
#> Setup for the Specification Curve Analysis
#> -------------------------------------------
#> Class:                      specr.setup -- version: 1.0.0
#> Number of specifications:   54
#>
#> Specifications:
#>
#>   Independent variable:     ageyr
#>   Dependent variable:       textual, visual, speed
#>   Models:                   sem_custom
#>   Subsets analyses:         1 & Pasteur, 2 & Pasteur, Pasteur, 1 & Grant-White, 2 & Grant-White, Grant-White, 1, 2, all
#>
#> Function used to extract parameters:
#>
#>   function (x)
#> broom::tidy(x, conf.int = TRUE)
#> <environment: 0x7fe4ded0d098>
#>
#>
#> Head of specifications table (first 10 rows):
#> # A tibble: 10 × 8
#>    x     y       model      controls      subsets         sex   school   formula
#>    <chr> <chr>   <chr>      <chr>         <chr>           <fct> <fct>    <glue>
#>  1 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates 1 & Pasteur     1     Pasteur  textua…
#>  2 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates 2 & Pasteur     2     Pasteur  textua…
#>  3 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates Pasteur         <NA>  Pasteur  textua…
#>  4 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates 1 & Grant-White 1     Grant-W… textua…
#>  5 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates 2 & Grant-White 2     Grant-W… textua…
#>  6 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates Grant-White     <NA>  Grant-W… textua…
#>  7 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates 1               1     <NA>     textua…
#>  8 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates 2               2     <NA>     textua…
#>  9 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates all             <NA>  <NA>     textua…
#> 10 ageyr textual sem_custom grade         1 & Pasteur     1     Pasteur  textua…

Within the specification table, we don’t really see much difference compared to standard models such as e.g., “lm”. However, in the formula, variables refer to latent variables as specified in the custom function.

If we know pass it to specr(), actual structural equation models will be fitted in the background.

results <- specr(specs)
plot(results, choices = c("y", "controls", "model", "subsets"))

## Additional insights from “lavaan” objects

Because the broom::tidy() functions also extracts standardized coefficients, we can plot them on top of the unstandarized coefficients with a little bit of extra code.

# Create curve with standardized coefficients
plot_a <- plot(results, "curve") +
geom_point(aes(y = std.all, alpha = .1, size = 1.25)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed")

# Choice panel
plot_b <- plot(results, "choices",
choices = c("y", "controls", "subsets"))

# Combine plots
plot_grid(plot_a, plot_b,
ncol = 1,
align = "v",
axis = "rbl",
rel_heights = c(1.5, 2))  

Some fit indices are already included in the result data frame by default. With a few code lines, we can plot the distribution of these fit indices across all specifications.

# Looking at included fit indices
results %>%
as_tibble %>%
select(x, y, model, controls, subsets,
fit_cfi, fit_tli, fit_rmsea) %>%
#> # A tibble: 6 × 8
#>   x     y       model      controls      subsets       fit_cfi fit_tli fit_rmsea
#>   <chr> <chr>   <chr>      <chr>         <chr>           <dbl>   <dbl>     <dbl>
#> 1 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates 1 & Pasteur     0.991   0.974    0.0834
#> 2 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates 2 & Pasteur     1       1.02     0
#> 3 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates Pasteur         1       1.01     0
#> 4 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates 1 & Grant-Wh…   0.975   0.926    0.132
#> 5 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates 2 & Grant-Wh…   0.949   0.847    0.209
#> 6 ageyr textual sem_custom no covariates Grant-White     1       1.02     0

# Create curve plot
p1 <- plot(results, "curve", var = fit_cfi, ci = FALSE) +
geom_line(aes(x = specifications, y = fit_cfi), color = "grey") +
geom_point(size = 2, shape = 18) + # increasing size of points
geom_line(aes(x = specifications, y = fit_rmsea), color = "grey") +
geom_point(aes(x = specifications, y = fit_rmsea), shape = 20, size = 2) +
ylim(0, 1) +
labs(y = "cfi & rmsea")

# Create choice panel with chisq arrangement
p2 <- plot(results, "choices", var = fit_cfi,
choices = c("y", "controls", "subsets"))

# Bind together
plot_grid(p1, p2,
ncol = 1,
align = "v",
axis = "rbl",
rel_heights = c(1.5, 2))